{"id":451,"date":"2025-01-28T16:03:46","date_gmt":"2025-01-28T14:03:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.sch.gr\/pmantzaris\/?p=451"},"modified":"2025-01-28T16:03:46","modified_gmt":"2025-01-28T14:03:46","slug":"ta-archaia-kinezika-mathimatika-mia-syntomi-episkopisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pmantzaris.sites.sch.gr\/?p=451","title":{"rendered":"\u03a4\u03b1 \u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1 \u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac: \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0397 \u039a\u03af\u03bd\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7.<\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba (1600\u20131046 \u03c0.\u03a7.), \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 (Li &amp; Du, 1987). \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a7\u03b1\u03bd (206 \u03c0.\u03a7.\u2013220 \u03bc.\u03a7.) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba (618\u2013907 \u03bc.\u03a7.), \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u039a\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u00ab\u03a4\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03b9 \u03a3\u03bf\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b6\u03af\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u00bb (\u4e5d\u7ae0\u7b97\u672f, \u00ab\u0395\u03bd\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u039a\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03a4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u00bb), \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a7\u03b1\u03bd. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03ac\u03bb\u03b3\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03c3\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd (Shen, Crossley, &amp; Lun, 1999).<\/p>\n<p>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u00ab\u03a3\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u03a3\u03b9 \u03a3\u03bf\u03cd\u00bb (\u7b97\u7ecf\u5341\u4e66, \u00ab\u0394\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u039a\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u039a\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u00bb), \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u00ab\u03a7\u03ac\u03b9 \u039d\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf \u03a3\u03bf\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b6\u03af\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u00bb (\u6d77\u5c9b\u7b97\u7ecf), \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ae\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03c5\u03b8\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u0398\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03af\u03bd\u03b1 (Lam &amp; Ang, 2004).<\/p>\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9 \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0397 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2: \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03c3\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ac\u03bb\u03b3\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1 (Martzloff, 1997).<\/li>\n<li>\u0397 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1: \u039f \u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03af\u03bd\u03b1 (Needham, 1959).<\/li>\n<li>\u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af: \u039f\u03b9 \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd (Cullen, 1996).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0391\u03c1\u03ac\u03b2\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03b3\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 (Katz, 1998). \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03af\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (Ifrah, 2000).<\/p>\n<p>\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf. \u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<blockquote><p><strong>\u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>Cullen, C. (1996). *Astronomy and mathematics in ancient China: The Zhou bi suan jing*. Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n<li>Ifrah, G. (2000). *The universal history of numbers: From prehistory to the invention of the computer*. Wiley.<\/li>\n<li>Katz, V. J. (1998). *A history of mathematics: An introduction*. Addison-Wesley.<\/li>\n<li>Lam, L. Y., &amp; Ang, T. S. (2004). *Fleeting footsteps: Tracing the conception of arithmetic and algebra in ancient China*. World Scientific.<\/li>\n<li>Li, Y., &amp; Du, S. (1987). *Chinese mathematics: A concise history*. Clarendon Press.<\/li>\n<li>Martzloff, J.-C. (1997). *A history of Chinese mathematics*. Springer.<\/li>\n<li>Needham, J. (1959). *Science and civilisation in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the sciences of the heavens and the earth*. Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n<li>Shen, K., Crossley, J. N., &amp; Lun, A. W.-C. (1999). *The nine chapters on the mathematical art: Companion and commentary*. Oxford University Press.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0397 \u039a\u03af\u03bd\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-451","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arthrografia"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmantzaris.sites.sch.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/451","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmantzaris.sites.sch.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmantzaris.sites.sch.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmantzaris.sites.sch.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmantzaris.sites.sch.gr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=451"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/pmantzaris.sites.sch.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/451\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmantzaris.sites.sch.gr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=451"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmantzaris.sites.sch.gr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=451"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmantzaris.sites.sch.gr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=451"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}